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Clockwise from top: German forces advancing near Bagn in Valdres · Norwegian artillery in action near Narvik · King Haakon VII of Norway and his son Crown Prince Olav during a German air raid on Molde · German Gebirgsjäger troops near Narvik · German bombing of the Norwegian coastal fortress Oscarsborg. The German pre-dawn attacks in southern and central Norway…
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29/30 April 1915 This was the first raid on England to be carried out by a German military airship. LZ-38…
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, at Middleham Castle Ref: MC-28Following the death of the Earl of Warwick at the battle of…
Ernst Volckheim (11 April 1898 – 1 September 1962) was one of the founders of armored and mechanized warfare. A…
When the Civil War began, leaders in both the North and the South thought that it would be a short war, but the two sides had very different military strategies regarding how to bring about…
Following the attack on Fort Sumter and the secession by the Confederacy the Union devised a strategy to limit the length of the war. Lincoln had no desire for further bloodshed and thus wanted a…
The entire goal of the American Revolution including the penning of the Declaration of Independence was to gain the colonists and the newly formed American nation legitimacy internationally. The Declaration of Independence was written to…
Archers carried specialist arrows, bodkins with needle-pointed heads to punch through mail links, or armour-piercing heads perhaps tipped with steel…
Pirates were nonstate naval raiders. They were a potential problem for sea trade but were a much greater threat to…
When the Soviets advanced into eastern Germany, the Nazis tried to quickly evacuate the jet factory. But by then, it…
Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino, by Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier Oil on canvas, 1863 Battle of Montebello The great international…
The Prussian military system had been thoroughly reformed after Napoleon had crushed it at Jena in 1806. The crucial development was the growth of a Great General Staff, embodied in law in 1814. Bright officers were selected to what was effectively a military brotherhood, charged with continuous study of the…
Battle of Mantzikert States that last as long as the Byzantine or the Chinese inevitably experience periods of crisis which appear to threaten their survival. For Byzantium, the challenge of Islam in the seventh century launched one of those moments and resulted in novel imperial structures over a smaller territory.…
A Marine squad, supported by an M-26 General Pershing tank of the 1st Marine Tank Battalion, moves through Seoul under fire. (USMC) After World War II the American military jettisoned the vast bulk of the superb ground force that had fought and won the war. By 1950 that force was…
Yet Saxon raids continued. The Yorkshire signal stations came under attack at least twice, Huntcliff and Goldborough being savagely destroyed. Hadrian’s Wall ceased to function as an effective barrier. Forts remained in use but each may have organized its own defence. The soldiers had always been paid in coinage sent…
The Leningrad front from May 1942 to January 1943. With the defeat of the Soviet Lyuban Offensive, the Germans began to reconsider the wisdom of committing the bulk of Heeresgruppe Nord to an extended siege operation. Führer Directive 41, issued on 5 April 1942, reversed the previous decision to besiege…
Communist military advisors with MPLA troops in Angola, 1983. Cuban soldiers, veterans of Cuito Cuanavale. The MPLA government and Cuban troops had control over all southern cities by 1977, but roads in the south faced repeated UNITA attacks. Savimbi expressed his willingness for rapprochement with the MPLA and the formation…
Preacher and leader of one of the so-called people’s expeditions during the First Crusade (1096-1099). He was also known as Peter of Amiens, having been born in or near that city in northern France. Peter the Hermit is one of the most problematic individuals associated with the entire crusade movement.…
The Moss-trooper; by Thomas Jones Barker Conjectural dispositions at outset of battle. Note the extremely constricted nature of the battlefield, hampering more conventional deployment. MOSS TROOPERS The term ‘Moss trooper’ is often, but quite erroneously applied to the Anglo-Scots border reiver of the sixteenth century. In fact there was an…
British coastal assault on St Cast in Brittany in September 1758. A German map, published…
Schnellboot S-80 torpedo boat Camo Operations with the Kriegsmarine S-boats were often used to patrol…
American Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR 1941–45. Soviet historiography is mocked in the West, where…
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