Wars

Surrender in Italy 1945

Wars 12 Min Read

General von Senger surrenders to General Clark at Fifteenth Army Headquarters. Note General von Senger, an anti-Nazi, gives the correct German Army salute In Italy, the German High Command was still divided over whether to accept the surrender terms agreed to at Caserta. Some generals had already passed the word to their troops, ordering them to cease fire at two…

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Axis German Units Wars 29 Min Read

Army Group North’s Years of Hope and Frustration I

1941: Race to Moscow, German Army Group North, the leadership. The German Push to Leningrad The OKH issued the marshaling order—Aufmarschanweisung Ost (Deployment Directive East)—for the invasion of the Soviet Union on January 31, 1941. With respect to Army Group North, it called for an encirclement of major portions of…

Austria Wars 11 Min Read

Austria’s Opening Disasters – WWI

Austria’s decision for war against Serbia was not a product of fatalism, fecklessness, or incompetence. Whether to preempt any possibility of a solution to the south Slavic question within Habsburg borders, or from murkier motives with domestic roots, Serbia, by not repudiating the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, had offered…

Wars 20 Min Read

The Sinai Campaign of 1967 Part I

The Sinai Campaign of 1967 Part II ➡️   Conquest of Sinai. 5–6 June 1967 As a small nation surrounded by enemies, Israel was acutely conscious that if she was to survive she could not afford to lose a battle, much less a war. Of necessity, therefore, the Israeli Defence…

Wars 30 Min Read

The Sinai Campaign of 1967 Part II

⬅️ The Sinai Campaign of 1967 Part I   Conquest of Sinai. 7–8 June 1967 Yet, as the saying goes, who dares wins. The Egyptians, listening to the excited voice on Radio Cairo announcing with more optimism than accuracy that their comrades had captured Beersheba, were quite unprepared for the…

Spain Wars 13 Min Read

The history of the [Spanish] Army of Flanders and the Eighty Years War. Part I

By Fernando González de León It appears that there were two distinct periods or eras in the history of the Army of Flanders and the Eighty Years War. The first one lasted roughly from 1567 to the signing of the Twelve Years Truce in 1609. This first Army of Flanders…

Spain Wars 9 Min Read

The history of the [Spanish] Army of Flanders and the Eighty Years War. Part II

BATTLE OF ROCROI, 19 MAY 1643 Following successful cavalry charges by Isembourg on the Spanish right and Conde on the French right, the latter won the battle by keeping his horsemen in check, riding across the rear of the Spanish infantry, and attacking Isembourg’s cavalry from behind. Once the Spanish…

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Uniforms of Italian Wars (1494-1559)

A series of sharp but also intermittent conflicts broke out over control of Italy at…

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

Chaotic and inconclusive war between the United States and Great Britain that nevertheless provided a…

The Chinese Invasion of India I

It was not entirely unexpected that the Chinese would attack. The Indians had observed a…

Army Group North’s Years of Hope and Frustration I

1941: Race to Moscow, German Army Group North, the leadership. The German Push to Leningrad…