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Although most of the contingents of the Peasants’ Crusade never reached Constantinople, those commanded by Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit did. The Byzantine emperor, Alexius, and his commanders were suspicious of these rag-tag troops and, rather than have them bivouac for a protracted length of time on the outskirts of the imperial capital, they transported them across the…
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On 23-25 November 1915 Stavka’s representatives in France met the Allies near Chantilly to coordinate plans for 1916 plans, and…
In contrast with the NATO nations, the Soviet Union gave high priority to air defence from the start of the…
Siege of Vicksburg–13, 15, & 17 Corps, Commanded by Gen. U.S. Grant, assisted by the Navy under Admiral Porter–Surrender, July…
When the Civil War began, leaders in both the North and the South thought that it would be a short war, but the two sides had very different military strategies regarding how to bring about…
Following the attack on Fort Sumter and the secession by the Confederacy the Union devised a strategy to limit the length of the war. Lincoln had no desire for further bloodshed and thus wanted a…
The entire goal of the American Revolution including the penning of the Declaration of Independence was to gain the colonists and the newly formed American nation legitimacy internationally. The Declaration of Independence was written to…
Rupert had with him around 5,000 cavalry; Lisle’s 1,000 musketeers, probably accompanied by a small artillery train (four six-pounders had…
An watercolour of a small Dutch frigate shown, from two angles in a common convention of ship portraiture. She is…
Major surface operations in the Adriatic became progressively infrequent during the last two years of the war. The increased use…
133rd Tank Brigade’s had nearly 17 heavy KV tanks. At the start of the battle on September 13, 1942, the…
Victory at sea by USS Constitution over HMS Guerriere painting by Anton Otto Fischer  Isaac Hull, the Constitution’s first wartime captain, a kind but thoroughgoing seaman who commanded the almost worshipful loyalty of his crew. Captain Hull had already decided to head for the south, and Bermuda, at the…
Field Marshal Erich von Manstein with Tiger I Tanks The victories at Stalingrad and in the Caucasus initially encouraged the Soviet High Command to plan a major offensive on a front extending from north of Smolensk to the Black Sea. But the price of success had been high. The Germans,…
By the end of January 1912, B.E.1 had been joined by a sister ship that was identical in every way to B.E.1 except that it was powered by a Renault engine. The engine mounting tubes were slightly longer so that it was mounted slightly further forwards, moving the centre of…
A Royal Air Force Douglas A-20 Boston light bomber retracts its landing gear as it takes off from a base in England. British bombers participated with American planes in the first bombing mission for the U.S. Army Air Forces against German targets on the European continent. Captain Charles Kegelman, commander…
Westbatterij (Vesting Muiden). The West Battery’s function was to support Muiderslot castle (reinforced with five bastions) in the defence of the estuary of the river Vecht with its sea sluices. The tower fort was built in 1852 to strengthen a battery built in 1799. The sluices date back to 1672…
Darius son of Hystaspes was not a man to be trifled with. The Athenians had given earth and water. They had become his bandaka. Then they had broken their bond. They had not only refused to take direction from his satrap. They had supported the rebellion of the Ionians; and,…
Henri Kreis. Former head of the PAK section of the Sturmbrigade in Galicia and Kriegkommandant of RadomyĹ›l village, where he was seriously injured when fighting a T34 tank. Once recovered, he became an instructor at the SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Schule at Kienschlag. In March 1945 he commanded a reinforcement battalion at Wildflecken, as…
In September 326, the Macedonian forces returned from their campaign in the eastern Punjab to Nicaea and Bucephala on the Hydaspes. The new settlements had been ravaged by the monsoon, but the fleet building program begun in the month after Alexander’s victory over Porus was in full swing. In addition…
British coastal assault on St Cast in Brittany in September 1758. A German map, published…
Schnellboot S-80 torpedo boat Camo Operations with the Kriegsmarine S-boats were often used to patrol…
American Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR 1941–45. Soviet historiography is mocked in the West, where…
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