Spain

(First) Castilian Civil War

British France Medieval Sail Spain 6 Min Read

Battle of Nájera, from a fifteenth-century manuscript, the English and Pedro are on the left. (1362-1369) The naval Battle of La Rochelle took place on 22 and 23 June 1372 between a Castilian fleet commanded by Ambrosio Boccanegra and an English convoy commanded by John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke. The Franco-Castilian fleet had been sent to attack the English…

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British Naval History Spain 28 Min Read

The English Armada: Battles at Sea I

Engraving of the galley of the Adelantado of Castile, Royal Palace (Palacio Real), Madrid. A gentle breeze was blowing as dawn broke on Monday, 19 June, and so the Adelantado of Castile ‘set out that morning with nine ships in pursuit of the enemy fleet, which was coming round Cape…

British Naval History Spain 20 Min Read

The English Armada: Battles at Sea II

Map: 25 May–20 June, Lisbon. 1.25 May. A council of war held off Peniche where it is decided to undertake an expedition on land, ruling out a naval attack on Lisbon on 26 May. Difficult disembarkation on Consolaçao beach; of the thirty-two landing craft, fourteen went under with over eighty…

Germany History Spain 35 Min Read

The Knight of the Black Eagle

Titian‘s Equestrian Portrait of Charles I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire (1548) celebrates Charles’ victory at Mühlberg “Battle of Mühlberg, 1547”, Ángel García Pinto If there is no way to avoid an engagement before I arrive, I cannot enjoin you too strongly to inform me post…

Spain Viking 24 Min Read

When Allah met Odin I

At about the same time as Harald Bluetooth was erecting his great monument to Viking Christianity at Jelling, and the Wessex dynasty was completing the first unification of England with the expulsion of Harald’s brother-in-law Erik Bloodaxe from York, seafaring Vikings of the old-fashioned sort (Erik perhaps among them) were…

Austria Battle British France Spain 20 Min Read

ALMENAR 1710

From the surrender of Lerida until 1710, there were not any more large- scale military actions on the Eastern Peninsular front, because the Bourbon army was not able to launch major campaigns against Catalonia, given its precarious situation on the other fronts that had to be defended. However, in 1710…

Crusades Spain 12 Min Read

Order of Avis

The Order of Avis rose to ultimate authority in Portugal, setting its head on the throne in 1385 as Juan I, and ruling Portugal until 1580 as the Aviz dynasty. By the time the Third Crusade had begun in 1188, however, several military orders had already been founded to support…

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Dogs of the Conquistadors

The Spaniards began using dogs at least by the 1260s, as King Jaume I of…

Elizabeth towards War I

European matchlock musketeers of the Elizabethan period. By the early 1570s the Puritans had grown…

Uniforms of Italian Wars (1494-1559)

A series of sharp but also intermittent conflicts broke out over control of Italy at…

Spanish arquebusier

1568. Battle of Jemmingen. Spanish arquebusiers. Angel García Pinto for Desperta Ferro magazine Gonzalo de…