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Bronislav Kaminski, leader of the RONA. by Major Bob E. Willis Jr. U.S. Army The German Army had one last opportunity in 1942 to recover from its failure to secure the occupied areas and pre-empt the massive expansion of the partisan war to an uncontrollable scale. A number of senior field commanders that understood the reality of the situation…
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By the tenth century the Pechenegs were dominating the steppe. Rus relations with them were complex. On the one hand,…
Most information about the organization of the royal navy comes from the Nauri Decree and various biographies of officials. These…
Barbarossa’s fleet wintering in the French harbour of Toulon, 1543. (by: Matrakçı Nasuh) French King Henry II renewed his father’s…
When the Civil War began, leaders in both the North and the South thought that it would be a short war, but the two sides had very different military strategies regarding how to bring about…
Following the attack on Fort Sumter and the secession by the Confederacy the Union devised a strategy to limit the length of the war. Lincoln had no desire for further bloodshed and thus wanted a…
The entire goal of the American Revolution including the penning of the Declaration of Independence was to gain the colonists and the newly formed American nation legitimacy internationally. The Declaration of Independence was written to…
“In his hand, the marshal’s staff was more than just an ornament!” it was said of Bavaria’s heir to the…
Type XXI, VII and XXIII U-boats photographed by RAF reconnaissance aircraft in Kristiansand after the war’s end. Type XXIII submarine…
Designed to provide better performance than the Lancaster in the long-range bomber role, the Vickers Windsor had many interesting features,…
Geheimschreiber Back on September 7, 1941, Leningrad had been under direct German fire for three days. The famous siege of…
During the 1590s there were an average of 14 English expeditions to the Caribbean every year, with as many as 25 in 1598. That led by Francis Drake and John Hawkins in 1595- 96, aimed at San Juan de Puerto Rico and Panama, was the largest, comprising 27 ships, 1,500…
Japan’s submarine construction programme eventually produced the single most extraordinary class of boats conceived by any of the combatant navies of the Second World War. The I-400-class submarines were created in order to take Fujita’s original plan to attack the United States on home ground to a devastating conclusion. Fujita’s…
Habsburg emperor. Joseph I’s reign was dominated by the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), which pitted Bourbon France and Spain against the ‘‘Grand Alliance’’ led by Austria and the Maritime Powers. Born to Emperor Leopold I and Eleonore of the Palatinate-Neuburg, Joseph’s upbringing was notable for the absence of…
USS Wainwright (CG-28); survived an Iranian Harpoon attack thanks to SRBOC during Operation Praying Mantis Captain Chandler ordered the group to spread out line abreast with a 6,000-yard spacing between ships. This gave a broad baseline for using their electronic support measures (ESM) systems to cross-fix the approaching Iranian ship…
Oswald Boelcke, (right) who is regarded as the father of the German fighter air force, shot down Robert Wilson (left), of the 32 Squadron Royal Flying Corps, before inviting him to join him for coffee. As Hugh Trenchard had maintained from the first, the ‘flying aces’ system would always entail…
The 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend went into battle for the first time in Normandy, but gave a good account of itself as the scourge of Canadian arms throughout the Normandy campaign. Derisively called a baby division with a milk-bottle badge by a disparaging Allied press, the division had been…
As the Revolution broke over America, the Indians were not at first directly involved in the colonists’ struggle against the mother country. When a group of Boston citizens dressed as Indians boarded British ships and threw their cargoes of tea into Boston Harbor, Guy Johnson explained the resulting crisis to…
The Nazi puppet state in Slovakia sent small ground and air units to fight against the Soviet Union. Formerly a province of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, after World War I Slovakia shared the twists and turns of the history of the Czech state. But during World War II the two provinces…
British coastal assault on St Cast in Brittany in September 1758. A German map, published…
Schnellboot S-80 torpedo boat Camo Operations with the Kriegsmarine S-boats were often used to patrol…
American Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR 1941–45. Soviet historiography is mocked in the West, where…
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