Wars
Peter I of Russia II
In the spring of 1699, Peter was under pressure from Frederick Augustus to attack Sweden. The monarchs of Denmark and Poland believed the time was ripe for war. Young Charles XII, who had succeeded to the Swedish throne on the death of his father in 1697, was reportedly wild and unstable. His nation had long been the dominant power in…
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Sikh Wars (1845-1846, 1848-1849)
Anglo-Sikh Wars : The 3rd Light Dragoons at the Battle of Mudki, 1845 by E. Croft Two short but particularly brutal wars waged by British forces against the Khalsa, the army of the Sikh religious sect, for control of the Punjab in northwest India. The First Sikh War followed hot…
War In The Fourteenth Century
battle of Courtrai The fourteenth century opened with a series of wars of succession and of territorial aggrandizement. In Scandinavia, the worst situation was in Sweden, where King Birger II (1290–1318) executed two princeling rivals to his throne, thus propelling the kingdom into a civil war that lasted almost throughout…
English Civil Wars (1639-1651)
“The Great Rebellion.” From 1629, Charles I governed without Parliament, even raising new taxes such as the infamous ship money by decree. He was supported by most of the Anglican episcopacy and segments of the nobility. He looked to Arminianism and ascendant royal authority to overcome competing confessional cultures that…
MACV Up to Tet Offensive 1967
As 1967 opened, William Westmoreland’s assessment of the war in South Vietnam had changed little. Though U. S. forces had punished enemy main force units in 1966, MACV’s commander believed that North Vietnamese regiments and divisions still were capable of attacking selected targets throughout all four corps tactical zones. Moreover,…
WAR OF 1971 Part I
Indian T-55 tanks on their way to Dhaka. Location of IAF, PAF and BAF units on December 1971 in and around Bangladesh. Some unit locations are not shown. Map not to exact scale. Pakistan’s PNS Ghazi sank off the fairway buoy of Visakhapatnam near the eastern coast of India, making…
French Military Intervention in African Affairs
During the first three decades of African independence, France was involved in some three dozen military interventions in sixteen African countries, including Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Comoros, Congo-Brazzaville, CĂ´te d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Gabon, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Zaire. In most cases, France acted to…