Mongol

The Mongol Wars and the Evolution of the Gun, 1211–1279

China Mongol Weapons 31 Min Read

The rise of the Mongols was a key event in the evolution of gunpowder technology. Their wars drove military developments in East Asia and spread gunpowder technology westward. You’d think this statement would be uncontroversial. After all, the Mongols created the world’s largest empire, connecting East Asia to South Asia, Western Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Mongol commanders…

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Mongol 4 Min Read

The First Mongol Attacks on the Latin West

  Battle of Mohi The Mongols menaced Latin Christendom on two fronts: in Eastern Europe and in Outremer. The first reports of the attack on the Khwārazmian Empire, reaching Egypt in 1221, prompted the commanders of the Fifth Crusade (1217– 1221) to identify the newcomers with the long-awaited forces of…

Germany Mongol Operations 12 Min Read

Dire Wolves of the Sea

U-boat resupply. U-564 is resupplied with torpedoes from another U Boat whilst in the Caribbean in early August 1942. U-Boat (Ship Type) German submarine. The word is a shortened form of Unterseeboot, which means “undersea boat” in German. Germany’s foremost naval weapon in both world wars was the submarine. Especially…

Medieval Mongol 11 Min Read

Mongol Legacy

What was the Mongol legacy? Modern scholarship has revised the older view that in all places barbarism, cruelty, and the fundamentally parasitical nature of Mongol warrior culture worsened local despotic traditions and held back ideas and social forces which might have advanced civilization and hastened modernity. This more extreme view…

Battle Crusades Mongol Ottoman 14 Min Read

Cavalry versus Cavalry: The Battle of Ain Jalut

The Battle of Ain Jalut, 1260. (a) Phase I: Kit-Boga’s Mongol cavalry encounters Baybars’ advance guard of the Mamluk army near the village of Ain Jalut. The steppe horsemen launch a ferocious charge (1) and the Mamluks break and flee back up the Jordan River valley (2). Kit-Boga gives chase,…

History Mongol 26 Min Read

Mongol: After – Conquest-Trade

During Mass one day in the winter of 1287–1288, King Edward I of England rose up from his throne to stand in honor of Rabban Bar Sawma, the newly arrived envoy from the Mongol Emperor Khubilai Khan. When he reached the court of the English king, Rabban Bar Sawma had…

Mongol Warriors 8 Min Read

MONGOL HORSEMAN

Nomadic horsemen from the Asian steppe, the Mongols established one of the world’s largest ever land empires in the 13th century. After the traditionally warring steppe tribes united under the leadership of Genghis Khan, they launched campaigns of conquest westward into the Middle East and Europe, and eastward to China’s…

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MONGOL WEAPONS

Warrior armor. Most Mongol warriors fought as light horsemen, wearing leather body armor and, if…

Mongol: Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics

When the Mongols engaged an opponent’s field army, they used a wide array of tactics…

Mongol Archery

Originally the basis of the Mongols’ military power and later almost driven to extinction by…

THE MONGOL-OIRAT CONFLICT

In 1388 Yisüder, a descendant of Qubilai Khan’s brother ARIQ-BÖKE, murdered the emperor Toghus-Temür, initiating…