Mongol
The Latins and the Ilkhan Mongols could destroy the Mamluk Sultanate Part 2
Hulegu’s original proposal offered the West good terms. The Ilkhans had established their bona fides through their amazing victories against the center of the Islamic world. Of particular interest to Hulegu was Latin sea power, which, combined with a Mongol land offensive, could break the back of the Mamluk Sultanate. After victory, Hulegu planned to restore Jerusalem to Latin rule,…
Most Recent
MONGOL RULE IN AFGHANISTAN: 1219–1332
Khwarezmid Empire (1190–1220), on the eve of the Mongol conquests After overcoming some difficulties at first, Genghis Khan mercilessly defeated and conquered the well-protected cities of neighboring empires. By 1209, the dreaded Genghis Khan was acknowledged by the Tangut emperor as the reigning lord of this region. Genghis Khan continued…
The Warrior State: The Kamakura Period (1185–1333)
Second Mongol Invasion of Japan In 1185 Minamoto no Yoritomo was the most powerful figure in the land. However, he neither sought the throne for himself or his descendants, nor tried to destroy it. Instead, he sought from the court legitimisation of his power through the title seii tai-shōgun (‘barbarian-subduing…
The End of Mongol Rule in China
The basic dilemma of Mongol rule in China—the Mongols’ inability to achieve a durable identification with Chinese civilian institutions and to modify the military and colonialist character of their rule—became more apparent under Kublai’s successors and reached a maximum under Togon-temür, the last Yuan ruler. Togon-temür was not unfriendly toward…
Hungary in the Mongol Invasion Period
The Battle of Mohi (Muhi), 11 April 1241, was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe. It took place at Muhi, southwest of the Sajó River. After the invasion, Hungary lay in ruins. Nearly half of the inhabited places…
THE SONG AND THE MONGOLS
This is a Song/Yuan dynasty merchant/warship. Very typical of Chinese merchant ships in the Middle Ages. In 1211, when Genghis Khan invaded North China, the Song was exhausted from a humiliating defeat in the Kaixi War (1205–08) it had deliberately provoked against the Jin. In 1217 the Jin court, having…
Qipchaqs (Kypchaks, Comans, Polovtsi)
Qipchaq cavalry and infantry A sprawling, disunited tribal confederacy, the Qipchaqs formed the base population of the Mongol GOLDEN HORDE. The Qipchaqs first appeared around 750 as a Turkic tribe occupying the ALTAI RANGE. Later they moved west and joined the Kimek confederacy in western Siberia. Beginning around 1017 tribes…