Spain

ā€˜To kill or captureĀ Elizabethā€™

British History Spain 16 Min Read

Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Norfolk in 1569 for scheming to marry Mary, Queen of Scots.Following his release, he participated in the Ridolfi plot with King Philip II of Spain to put Mary on the English throne and restore Catholicism in England. He was executed for treason in 1572. He is buried at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula within the…

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Biography Spain 15 Min Read

HernƔn CortƩs

Conquistador and conqueror of the Aztec Empire. Born in Estramadura, CortĆ©s studied at a fairly high level at Salamanca but, at age 19, he left for the Caribbean to try his hand as a plantation farmer in Hispaniola. He first fought in the New World with a conquistadore army that…

Fortification Siege Spain 20 Min Read

The siege of Ostend and the Spinola offensivesĀ 1601-8

Ostendā€™s military machines by Pompeo Giustiniani 1 & 3, the construction of wicker filled with stones and earth were buried in the trenches by the besiegers; they were used in the western part of the town to allow the fording of the Old Haven. 2 & 4, to the east,…

Battle France Italy Spain 11 Min Read

The Battle ofĀ Garigliano

Second Italian War In the aftermath of the First Italian War, Cordoba overhauled the Spanish army. He reorganised his infantry by replacing the bulk of his swordand-buckler foot soldiers with pikemen and arquebusiers. His pike and shot troops were taught to manoeuvre over rough ground, resist cavalry attacks, and deliver…

Battle Spain 10 Min Read

The Battle of Aljubarrota 1385Ā AD

The choice of the cortes notwithstanding, in the spring of 1385 JoĆ£o Iā€™s throne was far from secure. The legitimists remained strong in the north, and Juan was preparing a new invasion; JoĆ£o knew he must fight, and he desperately needed allies. With this in mind, even before his election…

France History Spain 23 Min Read

The Rif War

Francisco Franco with fellow soldiers in Ras Medua, 1921. ā€œMoroccan Bomber: American Fighters in the Rif War, 1925ā€ (by Colonel Paul Ayres Rockwell, ed. Dale L. Walker; Aviation Quarterly, Volume 5, Number 2, 2nd Quarter 1979) Territory under the control of the Republic of the Rif (bordered in red) within…

Spain 38 Min Read

THE CALIPHATE IN THEĀ WEST

In the tenth century, Islamic Spainā€”al-Andalusā€”developed into the greatest economic and cultural power in the West. In the early 900s under the amir ā€˜Abd al-Rahman III, a long period of upheaval, civil war, and foreign attacks came to end. ā€˜Abd al-Rahman subdued the ever-rebellious Arab elite of al-Andalusā€”the descendants of…

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Dogs of theĀ Conquistadors

The Spaniards began using dogs at least by the 1260s, as King Jaume I of…

Elizabeth towards WarĀ I

European matchlock musketeers of the Elizabethan period. By the early 1570s the Puritans had grown…

Uniforms of Italian WarsĀ (1494-1559)

A series of sharp but also intermittent conflicts broke out over control of Italy at…

Spanish arquebusier

1568. Battle of Jemmingen. Spanish arquebusiers. Angel GarcĆ­a Pinto for Desperta Ferro magazine Gonzalo de…