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Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Norfolk in 1569 for scheming to marry Mary, Queen of Scots.Following his release, he participated in the Ridolfi plot with King Philip II of Spain to put Mary on the English throne and restore Catholicism in England. He was executed for treason in 1572. He is buried at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula within the…
Conquistador and conqueror of the Aztec Empire. Born in Estramadura, CortĆ©s studied at a fairly high level at Salamanca but, at age 19, he left for the Caribbean to try his hand as a plantation farmer in Hispaniola. He first fought in the New World with a conquistadore army that…
Ostendās military machines by Pompeo Giustiniani 1 & 3, the construction of wicker filled with stones and earth were buried in the trenches by the besiegers; they were used in the western part of the town to allow the fording of the Old Haven. 2 & 4, to the east,…
Second Italian War In the aftermath of the First Italian War, Cordoba overhauled the Spanish army. He reorganised his infantry by replacing the bulk of his swordand-buckler foot soldiers with pikemen and arquebusiers. His pike and shot troops were taught to manoeuvre over rough ground, resist cavalry attacks, and deliver…
The choice of the cortes notwithstanding, in the spring of 1385 JoĆ£o Iās throne was far from secure. The legitimists remained strong in the north, and Juan was preparing a new invasion; JoĆ£o knew he must fight, and he desperately needed allies. With this in mind, even before his election…
Francisco Franco with fellow soldiers in Ras Medua, 1921. āMoroccan Bomber: American Fighters in the Rif War, 1925ā (by Colonel Paul Ayres Rockwell, ed. Dale L. Walker; Aviation Quarterly, Volume 5, Number 2, 2nd Quarter 1979) Territory under the control of the Republic of the Rif (bordered in red) within…
In the tenth century, Islamic Spaināal-Andalusādeveloped into the greatest economic and cultural power in the West. In the early 900s under the amir āAbd al-Rahman III, a long period of upheaval, civil war, and foreign attacks came to end. āAbd al-Rahman subdued the ever-rebellious Arab elite of al-Andalusāthe descendants of…
European matchlock musketeers of the Elizabethan period. By the early 1570s the Puritans had grown…
A series of sharp but also intermittent conflicts broke out over control of Italy at…
1568. Battle of Jemmingen. Spanish arquebusiers. Angel GarcĆa Pinto for Desperta Ferro magazine Gonzalo de…
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