Poland
Poland: War and Independence, 1914–1918 Part II
Józef Piłsudski and members of the Polish legion in Kielce, in front of the Governor’s Palace on August 12, 1914. Battles Below is a list of prominent Polish battles against the Imperial Russian Army in 1914–16, leading to victories in most cases, with notable exceptions especially during the Brusilov Offensive of 1916. Battle of Nowy Korczyn (23–24 September 1914) Battle…
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HITLER’S LAST TRIUMPH I
In just five weeks of bitter fighting during the summer of 1944, Rokossovsky’s troops stormed over 450 miles and were within reach of Warsaw. The Polish capital looked a tempting prize for Stalin as a culmination of Operation Bagration’s remarkable success, but his summer offensive was beginning to lose momentum.…
HITLER’S LAST TRIUMPH II
On the morning of 2 August 1944, Rokossovsky went to view the Polish capital and got a good indication of the Polish Home Army’s efforts, recalling: Together with a group of officers I was visiting the 2nd Tank Army, which was fighting on that sector of the front. From our…
PZL-30, LWS-6 Żubr
The LWS-6 Żubr (PZL.30 Żubr) was a Polish twin-engined medium bomber, produced by the LWS factory before World War II. A short series was used for training only, because it was inferior to the PZL.37 Łoś design. In 1933, Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze in Warsaw received an order for a passenger…
The Battle of Tannenberg 1410 Part I
Background Two conflicts formed the bookends, so to say, of the fourteenth century in Prussia. The first, which began in the first decade of the century, was the order’s acquisition of West Prussia, originally known as Pomerellia. This was a vital territory in several senses: its eastern border was the…
The Battle of Tannenberg 1410 Part II
The Invasion of Prussia The strategies of the two commanders contrasted greatly. The grand master divided his forces in the traditional manner between East and West Prussia, awaiting invasions at widely scattered points and relying on his scouts to determine the greatest threats, his intention being to concentrate his forces…
The Battle of Tannenberg 1410 Part III
What the grand master did not understand was the need to remain calm and rational. When scouts reported to him that the invaders had gone as far as Gilgenberg and had burned the city, inflicting indescribable outrages on the citizens, Jungingen’s temper flared. No more positional warfare – he would…