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The Hidden King
Portrait by CristĂłvĂŁo de Morais, c. 1572–1574 The personality, nature and life of Sebastian, King of Portugal, lent themselves to the strange structure of events which followed his strenuous and somewhat eccentric and stormy life. He was born in 1554, and was the son of Prince John and his wife…
Commando Order – Telemark
Jens-Anton Poulsson, a Rjukan native, wanted a mission—and if his commanders would not give him one, he would come up with his own. He had nearly circumnavigated the globe to come to Britain to join Kompani Linge, and since his arrival in Britain in October 1941 he had heard a…
THE PERSIAN CAPTURE OFÂ JERUSALEM
Boran was queen (banbishn) of the Sasanian Empire. She was the daughter of emperor Khosrow II, and the first of only two women to rule the Sasanian Empire; the other was her sister and successor, Azarmidokht. Various authors place her reign between one year and four months to two years.…
The Origins of Chinese Strategic Thinking
For the past three millennia, the Chinese have looked inward, presumed and cherished their moral superiority, and disdained but feared outside marauders and invaders. Here, of course, one has to distinguish ethnic Han emperors from the Khitan, Mongol, and Manchu rulers who imposed their dominion on the Middle Kingdom for…
The Penkovsky Era
Each man here is alone. —Oleg Penkovsky quoted in the Penkovskiy Papers Bad news, like every secret communication from Moscow, arrived at CIA Headquarters encrypted. The news that arrived mid-morning on November 2, 1962—as the Cuban Missile Crisis was winding down—was particularly bad. Colonel Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky, a career Soviet…
Marcomannic Wars
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius believed that the barbarian groups beyond the Rhine and the Danube had been allowed too much freedom of action while three of the regional legions had been fighting in the east. Indeed, both archaeological evidence and the scant literary sources suggest that the balance of tribal…
The British War in Iraq 2003 Part II
It had not originally been intended that the British should be responsible for securing Basra. When planning began at Central Command for Operation Iraqi Freedom in the spring of 2002, the only task allotted the British, and that to 3 Commando Brigade, was the seizure of the Fao peninsula by…
KUBLAI KHAN’S FLEET
Preliminary reconstruction of one of Khubilai Khan’s lost ships. The result of generations of Chinese engineering and development, these were the world’s most advanced warships duringthe Medieval period. He squandered his naval advantage with poorly executed attacks on Japan, Vietnam, and Java. Khubilai Khan’s Lost Fleet In Search of a…
Siege of Memel (October 1944)Â III
Column of Tiger Is, late 1944. Local Party officials were of course aware of the fighting, and had been enquiring nervously of the Wehrmacht whether there would be a need to evacuate German civilians from Memelland. As early as 5 October, Schörner declared that such an evacuation was unnecessary. Whether…
STRIKE EAGLE
Eagles of Enduring Freedom An F-15E from the USAF’s 4th Fighter Wing flies over Afghanistan in April 2006. The USAF rotates detachments of F-15Es to Southwest Asia from where they conduct close air support missions for troops on the ground engaged in rooting out insurgent sanctuaries and support networks. Over…