The storming of Basing House Several fortified places, such as Basing
House in Hampshire, were captured by storm. After besieging the place, the
attackers began to dig trenches towards the walls. As they moved closer,
batteries of cannon began to bombard the walls to create a breach. Once this
was achieved, an assault was made with troops charging towards the breach. The
Parliamentarians under the command of Oliver Cromwell stormed Basing House on
14 October 1645.
The siege of Basing House was one of the most celebrated events of the Civil War. There were in fact three sieges the first the siege of 11 July 1644 when the Parliamentarian Colonel Richard Norton laid siege to the Marquis of Winchester. The first siege had proved difficult so the second was intended to be carried by artillery at a distance. Two large mortars were sent to the siege on 20 July with ‘divers grenadoes’ to cause the besieged trouble. It is thought that these mortars were able to fire stone as well as mortar shell. They arrived on 28 July and lobbed 361b stones into the house as well as grenadoes or shell. The shell were more likely to have been the terror weapon because their explosive capability could not be defended against. Loading the mortars was a time-consuming and dangerous business as the shell had to be loaded and then slung on a bar with two chains to be placed in the muzzle. It is not clear when the idea was hit upon that the burning of the propellant would light the fuse at the same time but some manuscripts mention it whereas others do not. The greatest fear was that the shells would explode in the mouth of the mortar before being fired and so they were often coated with a form of paint to prevent this.
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At the time of the outbreak of the English Civil War in
1642, Basing House belonged to John Paulet, the fifth Marquis of Winchester,
who was a supporter of King Charles I. As a consequence, parliamentary forces
invested Basing House on three different occasions, with the Royalists
successfully breaking the first two sieges.
The final siege started in August 1645 when Colonel John
Dalbier, with 800 troops, took up position around the walls. The garrison held
out, despite further reinforcements to the attacking force, until Oliver
Cromwell arrived with a heavy siege-train. By 13 October 1645, the New House
had been taken and the defences of the Old House breached. The final storming
took place across the link from the New House. Many valuable goods were carried
off and a fire destroyed the building. As with other houses and castles
destroyed at the time, its dressed stone was sold off at auction. Local
villagers were encouraged to replace wattle and daub panels in their houses
with bricks from the house, or to build new houses in brick.
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King Charles I faced many political and economic problems throughout
the early years of his reign. By 1640, England had become involved in the
Bishops’ War in Scotland and the King needed money to support his troops there.
Parliament refused to grant such help without improved laws and taxes. King
Charles would not comply with their terms and two years of conflict and
criticism followed as the British were overburdened with what were seen as the
monarch’s unjust and oppressive actions. When the King tried to arrest several
members of the House of Commons, Parliament was outraged. Then he demanded
control of local arsenals. He was refused. Charles left London for Nottingham
where, in August 1642, he raised his personal Royal Standard and declared war upon
the Parliament of England.
At this time, many families in England and Wales were now
called upon to consider their loyalties. For one man, this was an easier
decision than for most. John Paulet, 5th Marquis of Winchester, resident of
Basing House in Hampshire, lived up to the family motto, “Aymez Loyaulté”
– Love Loyalty – and supported the King.
Paulet had set about fortifying his palatial mansion and
collecting arms for fifteen hundred men, some time in advance of these events;
but these he was obliged to sell by order of the House of Commons. Left with
only six men and six muskets at the outbreak of Civil War, he was quickly
attacked by Parliamentarian forces. The small party managed to beat off these
initial attacks however and the Marquis was able to strengthen his position. He
began to offer shelter to friends in need: among them, the ageing Thomas Fuller
and Inigo Jones.
At the end of July 1643, the Marquis was heavily attacked by
Colonel Norton of Southwick Park and Colonel Harvey, ‘a decayed silk man,’ who
had recently dispersed a crowd of women demanding peace in London. The attack
was held off for a while but help came only just in time with the arrival of
Lieutenant-Colonel Peake and one hundred musketeers from Oxford. Among the new
faces at Basing were two further artists seeking sanctuary: the engraver, William
Faithorne, and the artist, Wenceslas Hollar. Another was the man of letters,
Thomas Johnston, the first man to write a book on English flora. He was a man
of great courage but was shot and killed during the long siege at Basing.
Harvey and the Roundhead troops withdrew but, a few days
later, the attack began again in earnest. The London Trained Bands,
predecessors of the Royal Marines, were brought in to deal with the five
hundred strong ‘Papist’ garrison at Basing. However, the house’s fortifications
had been improved and the attack was held off with only eleven guns and
muskets. Fourteen and a half acres were now being defended. Hollar’s etching,
made during a lull, shows the extent of the grounds.
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The trained bands withdrew saying that Basing House was
larger than the Tower of London. So Sir William Waller advanced from Farnham
Castle with seven thousand men to finish off the Marquis and his followers.
Free passage out of the citadel was offered to women and children, but refused,
and nine days of hard fighting began. Waller tried to storm the place but,
after three days of savage fighting, was forced to retire to Farnham once more,
‘having dishonoured and bruised his army’. Besides, the Royalist General, Lord
Hopton, was on the march to relieve Basing.
On 18th August 1643, Parliament declared the Marquis of
Winchester guilty of high treason and his vast estates around the country were
all confiscated. This had little affect on John Paulet though, after all he had
been through. Basing House, with Donnington Castle near Newbury, now guarded
the road to the west and Winchester was determined to hold it for as long as
possible. Lord Hopton held the city of Winchester for the King and helped
Basing much. As he was a Cornishman, he realised how important their position
was. Many raiding parties went our from Basing for provisions and there were
spies on both sides. There is record of only one. Tobias Beasley who made
bullets at Basing, we are told, ‘showed great reluctance to go off the ladder.’
In December 1643, certain Royal cooks came to Basing with
some of Prince Rupert’s horse. This led to the rumour that the King had removed
much silver and other treasure from the fortress himself. Tradition tells us that
the Marquis himself exclaimed, “If the King had no more ground in England
but Basing House he would adventure it as he did and so maintain it to the
uttermost, comforting himself that Basing House was called Loyalty.”
In March 1644, Waller was victorious at the Battle of
Cheriton not far away, which disrupted the King’s schemes. Hopton made good his
retreat to Basing and fell back to Oxford, via Reading. Winchester and Basing
were now the only places left to the King in the whole of Hampshire.
Some of the garrison at Basing began to lose heart. The
Marquis’ own brother, Edward, turned traitor and opened negotiations with
Waller. The plot was only uncovered after the unexpected desertion of the
Roundhead, Sir Richard Granville, who revealed all. Lord Edward was spared his
life but was forced to act as executioner to his fellow conspirators.
All through 1644, the garrison held out against heavy
assaults. They would not have lasted the winter though, if it had not been for
the brave Colonel Sir Henry Gage who marched from Oxford with relief troops,
having to fight overwhelming numbers on Chineham Down. They got through though,
reuniting families and chasing the Roundheads out of Basingstoke, collecting
their stores and taking them to Basing. But, when Gage left for Oxford again,
the Roundheads soon returned. Despite famine and disease, the little garrison
held out, making bullets from the lead on the roofs and refusing all forms of
surrender.
On May Day 1645, five hundred Royalist Protestants marched
out of Basing, after a religious dispute and travelled to Donnington Castle,
still unbesieged and held by the King; but they were very properly refused
admission by the gallant Sir John Boys, himself a Protestant. Only a small body
of Catholics, their wives, children and a few elderly women were now left at
Basing, but they lasted through the summer and all demands to surrender were
again refused. Then, on 8th October, Oliver Cromwell himself arrived with a
brigade of the New Model Army, fresh from the capture of one of the most
ancient cities in England, Winchester. Basing House was the remaining place in
Hampshire still holding out for the King. The end was in sight, but the
garrison was going to go down fighting.
On the 13th, a last patrol was sent out and captured
prisoners included Captain Robert Hammond, later the King’s gaoler at
Carisbrooke Castle. Then, on the morning of the 14th October 1645, at dawn, the
Ironsides launched a final attack and intaking of Basing House. The small
garrison could never have stopped these fresh soldiers, but it is said they
were surprised while playing cards. This story is unlikely, but a phrase has
caught on and ‘Clubs are trumps, as when Basing House was taken’ is a, now
little-known unfortunately, Hampshire saying. The final assault did not take
long. Three thousand men were employed in the attack and a further four
thousand ringed the house out. There was no escape. Yet men fought to the death
at sword point. At the end, there were only two hundred prisoners, including
women and children.
Then came the looting. All the women and most of the men
were stripped of their clothes. Most of the men were hanged, certainly the four
catholic priests. The Roundhead soldiers took all they could. Cromwell
collected a quarter of a million pounds worth of loot at Basing that day, which
he called “good encouragement”. Then the house was set on fire, some
say by accident, but many of the garrison, some seventy-four still alive,
perished in the flames.
Lastly, Cromwell let the villagers in and it did not take them long to cart away the bricks in order to rebuild their houses. Of the Marquis, he was held prisoner in the Bell Inn in Basingstoke before being taken to the Tower. Cromwell spared his life though and allowed him to escape to France. After the restoration, he returned to England and retired to his wife’s property, Englefield House in Berkshire. His memorial can be seen in the church there with an epitaph by Dryden. Over his actual grave lies a plain blue marble slab, but with powerful words. It reads, ‘Here lieth interred the body of the most noble and mighty prince, John Powlet, Marquis of Winchester, Earl of Wiltshire, Baron St. John of Basing, Most Marquis of England. A man of exemplar piety towards God and the inviolable fidelity to his Sovereign in whose cause fortified his house of Basing and defended it against the rebels to the last extremity.’
