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In the 1590s merchants from the young Dutch Republic started the first significant commercial ventures outside Europe. After one fleet had successfully rounded the Cape of Good Hope and returned from the East Indies with spices in 1597, companies trading with Asia shot up like mushrooms. Competition was so intense that the profit margin fell to a minimum, as the…
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Final Encounter (Spitfire v Messerchmitt) by Michael Turner. Wing Commander J E Johnnie Johnson, Spitfire XIV, and Major Gunther Rall,…
The German military philosopher Carl von Clausewitz wrote that danger is âpart of the friction of warâ, observing that âchance…
Turkish Army Infantry WWII Era Turkey stayed out of the war and traded with Germany until very near the end,…
When the Civil War began, leaders in both the North and the South thought that it would be a short war, but the two sides had very different military strategies regarding how to bring about…
Following the attack on Fort Sumter and the secession by the Confederacy the Union devised a strategy to limit the length of the war. Lincoln had no desire for further bloodshed and thus wanted a…
The entire goal of the American Revolution including the penning of the Declaration of Independence was to gain the colonists and the newly formed American nation legitimacy internationally. The Declaration of Independence was written to…
The Golden Horde. Russian name for the Mongol domains of Russia and neighboring areas. The name derives from a nickname…
Forces Engaged Han: 300,000 men. Commander: Liu Pang, also known as Kao-ti. Châu: 100,000 men. Commander: Hsiang Yu. Importance Liu…
Narva: Castles/Crossing/Town Background to a Battle The German army of 1944 was no longer the seemingly invincible military force that…
The Iron Triangle: Star Wars The sociopolitical and economic changes of the 1980s ensured that the military-industrial complex that emerged…
Johann Peter Krafft (1780-1856)-âvictory declaration after the battle of Leipzig, 1813â-oil on canvas-1813Â Â Berlin-Deutsches Historiches Museum. The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought between Napoleon and the three Allied armies that had been approaching the city for several days: the Army of Bohemia…
The Tornado is possibly the most flexible multimission aircraft in history. Designed as a strike aircraft, it can also perform air-defense, antishipping, and reconnaissance missions with ease. In the late 1960s Germany, Italy, and Great Britain joined hands to design a basic ground-attack aircraft that would be built and deployed…
B-17 41-2460 Delivered MacDill 25/12/41; Assigned 93BS/19BG Java 15/1/42 with Chas Hillhouse, transferred 7BG; after several missions, picking up damage flew to Andir, Java, for repair. When completed 4/3/42 with Dutch pilot Sub Lt Sibolt Kok, Dutch civilian CP Gerald Cherymisin and US T/Sgt Harry Hayes (crew chief), flew it…
The Guy 6Ă6 vehicle was only on loan for testing prior to being sent out to India and arrived at MWEE in March 1931 for a demonstration to compare its performance against that of an experimental 8Ă8 Guy vehicle delivered the previous year. The 8Ă8 vehicle was itself a development…
The Regent of France, John, Duke of Bedford, returned to France in March 1427, accompanied by a man from the Welsh Marches who was to become one of the most redoubtable soldiers of the WarâLord Talbot. They took with them a pitifully small new army, 300 men-at-arms and 900 archers,…
The DAK was far from being an elite unit in early 1941. Though fully motorized, both divisions sent to North Africa had many drawbacks. The first unit sent, 5.leichte Division, was a hotchpotch of different units designed to serve in a defensive role. The unit that followed, 21.Panzer Division, was…
ACADEMY MODELS Giant crossbow A letter from the west coast of India addressed to the Florentine regent Giuliano deâ Medici in 1515 is revealing. A seafarer named Andrea Corsali reported that he had discovered gentle people clad in long robes who lived on milk and rice, refused any food that…
The final phase of the Austro-German alliance began in the wake of the Dual Monarchyâs annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and was highlighted by cordial exchanges-beginning in 1908-09 and lasting to the spring of 1914-between Conrad and the new German chief of the General Staff, the Younger Moltke. The two…
British coastal assault on St Cast in Brittany in September 1758. A German map, published…
Schnellboot S-80 torpedo boat Camo Operations with the Kriegsmarine S-boats were often used to patrol…
American Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR 1941â45. Soviet historiography is mocked in the West, where…
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