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During the last few years of his life, the Prophet gradually expanded his sphere of influence within the Arabian Peninsula by means of military campaigns and peaceful alliances. In the aftermath of his death, the Muslim leadership at Medina began a series of conquests that still have the power to amaze the observer. Taking place over a period of ninety…
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June–December 1491 Forces Engaged Castillian: Unknown. Commander: King Ferdinand. Moorish: Unknown. Commander: King Muhammed XI (Abu Abdullah, Boabdil). Importance Ferdinand’s…
The XXX Battaglione Guastatori, part of the Italian 8th Armata (ARMIR, Armata Italiana in Russia) was deployed on the lower…
8 June 1982: RAF exchange pilot Flt Lt David Morgan in Sea Harrier FRS1 no ZA177 (77, foreground) shot down…
When the Civil War began, leaders in both the North and the South thought that it would be a short war, but the two sides had very different military strategies regarding how to bring about…
Following the attack on Fort Sumter and the secession by the Confederacy the Union devised a strategy to limit the length of the war. Lincoln had no desire for further bloodshed and thus wanted a…
The entire goal of the American Revolution including the penning of the Declaration of Independence was to gain the colonists and the newly formed American nation legitimacy internationally. The Declaration of Independence was written to…
Yugoslav Partisan fighter Stjepan “Stevo” Filipović shouting “Smrt fašizmu sloboda narodu!” (“Death to fascism, freedom to the people!”) (the Partisan…
In 1960, Fighter Command received an interceptor, the performance of which was beyond anything then in service. With a speed…
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Dorsetshire at anchor in Scapa Flow in August 1941. Dorsetshire and Cornwall under heavy air attack by Japanese carrier dive bombers on 5 April 1942. Photographed from a Japanese aircraft. The plucky Piorun – the English translation of her name means Thunderbolt – saw plenty of action after her encounter…
Prince Dorgon was regent for his nephew between 1644 and 1650. He seized the opportunity offered by Ming general Wu Sangui (Wu San-kuei) to lead the Manchu forces inside the Great Wall and together to defeat the rebels who had seized Beijing (Peking) that ended the Ming dynasty. After defeating…
The Early Tang: Challenges and Successes Seizing on the Sui disasters, Li Yüan, a high-ranking Sui general, rose against the emperor and went on to establish the Tang dynasty. The men under his command on the day of his revolt totaled roughly 30,000, both infantry and cavalry. Like many of…
The ‘Louisbourg Grenadiers’ The ‘Louisbourg Grenadiers’ was a temporary unit formed in 1759 for the Quebec expedition from the grenadier companies of three regiments that were stayed behind as part of the British garrison of Louisbourg. The image shows grenadiers of the 22nd (left), 40th (right) and 45th (centre) Regiments…
Scots in Swedish Thirty Years’ War service. In October 1605, having embarked on his war with Poland in Livonia, Karl IX of Sweden sought Robert and James Spense assistance in the recruitment of soldiers. The use of merchants as middlemen or agents in recruitment was an established practice – they…
The Prussians were after more than just a nuisance raid or two. Tearing up property, looting, raping citizens, might all help demoralize the civilian population in the affected areas all right, at least to an extent, but the destruction of the Austrian magazines in Northern Bohemia would compel the whitecoats…
The Allied plans for 1917 saw separate but coordinated attacks. The British would attack at Arras (and also storm Vimy Ridge) to pin down German reserves and set up Nivelle’s French attack.3 The BEF would be using new methods based on the experience of 1916. Over the winter the BEF…
CITIZEN-SOLDIER, CLASS I Servian class I citizen-soldiers fought essentially with hoplite panoply, each citizen equipping himself with helmet, two-piece corselet and greaves, all of bronze (though later linen and composite corselets would be usual). He also carried the clipeus, a bowl-shaped shield, approximately 90cm in diameter and clamped to the…
British coastal assault on St Cast in Brittany in September 1758. A German map, published…
Schnellboot S-80 torpedo boat Camo Operations with the Kriegsmarine S-boats were often used to patrol…
American Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR 1941–45. Soviet historiography is mocked in the West, where…
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