Mongol

Khubilai Khan, Tibet, and the Yüan Dynasty

China History Mongol 17 Min Read

Chinggis retired to Mongolia in 1223. He now turned his attention to the Tanguts, who had failed to send their warriors to join the campaign against the Khwarizmians in 1218, as they had promised to do as vassals of the Mongols. The Tanguts had also withdrawn their troops from the campaign against Chin in 1222, and when Chinggis sent envoys…

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Mongol Naval 14 Min Read

Kublai Khan’s Naval Power

Reconstructions of a 13th century Chinese ocean-going ships of the kind described by Marco Polo, remains of which have been found at Quanzou. Such vessels had thirteen watertight compartments, a crew of over one hundred and fifty men and a stern rudder which, though also known in the Muslim world,…

Battle Mongol 21 Min Read

MOHI, 11 April 1241

The Mongol incursions presented Europe with insuperable military problems. An initial raid in 1223 tested the Russian states’ mettle and found it wanting. Then, in a series of consecutive campaigns from 1237-41, Mongol forces overran Russia and devastated Poland and Hungary. Against their strategic speed and discipline in battle, western…

Mongol 27 Min Read

The Mongol Invasions of Korea

Koryo’s General Kang Kam-chan battling Mongolians 1235 Mongol invasion of Korea CHRONOLOGY 1231        First Mongol invasion of Korea 1261        Assassination of the Last Ch’oe dictator, end of military rule in Koryimage 1270        Final capitulation of Koryimage court to Mongol siege, beginning of Mongol overlord period 1274        First of two joint…

Mongol 19 Min Read

Mongolian siege warfare and the defense of Mamluk fortresses I

The evolution of military architecture is to a large extent linked to the development of siege warfare. The emergence of new ideas and technologies within the field of siege warfare was often followed by changes in the method of fortification and the defense of strongholds. This sequence could be reversed:…

Mongol 23 Min Read

Mongolian siege warfare and the defense of Mamluk fortresses II

Inflammable materials In addition to stone and clay projectiles, vessels containing inflammable materials were a favorite type of ammunition in Chinese siege warfare. Certain siege machines had names such as “Hao Pao,” i.e. a fire-hurling siege machine. Pots with wicks of flax or cotton were used, containing a combination of…

China History Mongol 17 Min Read

Khubilai Khan, Tibet, and the Yüan Dynasty

Chinggis retired to Mongolia in 1223. He now turned his attention to the Tanguts, who had failed to send their warriors to join the campaign against the Khwarizmians in 1218, as they had promised to do as vassals of the Mongols. The Tanguts had also withdrawn their troops from the…

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MONGOL WEAPONS

Warrior armor. Most Mongol warriors fought as light horsemen, wearing leather body armor and, if…

Mongol: Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics

When the Mongols engaged an opponent’s field army, they used a wide array of tactics…

Mongol Archery

Originally the basis of the Mongols’ military power and later almost driven to extinction by…

THE MONGOL-OIRAT CONFLICT

In 1388 Yisüder, a descendant of Qubilai Khan’s brother ARIQ-BÖKE, murdered the emperor Toghus-Temür, initiating…