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We teach that it is proper to render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that are God’s. But when Caesar sits himself on the altar, we respond curtly: he may not. —Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, 1953 By the end of 1948, the Eastern European communist parties and their Soviet allies had already enacted enormous changes…
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Tu-22M3M Tu-22M3 for the Russian Air Force with engines from Tu-160M2 (NK-32-02), 80 percent of avionics are replaced or upgraded,…
It is clear that in Crete a civilized and at one time powerful nation existed from at least 3000 (possibly…
Over the next few days, the deception troops would work closely with the genuine 4th Division in a series of…
When the Civil War began, leaders in both the North and the South thought that it would be a short war, but the two sides had very different military strategies regarding how to bring about…
Following the attack on Fort Sumter and the secession by the Confederacy the Union devised a strategy to limit the length of the war. Lincoln had no desire for further bloodshed and thus wanted a…
The entire goal of the American Revolution including the penning of the Declaration of Independence was to gain the colonists and the newly formed American nation legitimacy internationally. The Declaration of Independence was written to…
The United States was deeply embroiled in South East Asia. Addled political considerations dictated that military action must take the…
Kriegsmarine was (in)famous for the massive use of their submarine’s fleet during the War, despite most of the U-boats were…
Shortage of Artillery In March and May 1915, British attempts to break the German lines on the western front at…
Friedrich Mieth, an officer of great physical and moral courage, was born in Eberswalde, Brandenburg, about 30 miles northeast of…
Gustavus Adolphus in the Battle of Lützen on November 6, 1632. The Battle of Lützen by Carl Wahlbom shows the death of King Gustavus Adolphus on 16 November 1632. Albrecht von Waldstein, commonly known as Wallenstein, was one of the most enigmatic and controversial figures of the Thirty Years’ War.…
Frederick II, King in Prussia, ‘Frederick the Great’: picture by David Morier 1761 1761 turned out to be a year without a major battle on the main eastern front. There is a weary sense of déjà vu about the allied strategy. Marshal Daun, still recovering from the wound sustained at…
By Lawrence V. Mott At the beginning of the eleventh century, one would have assumed the future naval power of the Iberian Peninsula would be the Caliphate of Cordoba. The Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and the counties of Catalonia, were small entities restricted to the northern portion of the…
The first night radar Kill During the summer of 1952, VMF(N)-513 received the F-3D “Skynight,” the squadron’s first jet aircraft. With the new jet fighter, VMF(N)-513 made aviation history with the first radar kill on an enemy jet aircraft at night and was credited with 10 confirmed night kills during…
Persian King Darius’s successors showed markedly less interest in their Egyptian satrapy. They ceased even to pay lip service to the traditions of Egyptian kingship and religion. Commercial activity began to decline, and political control slackened as the Persians focussed their attention increasingly on their troublesome western provinces and the…
Ivan the Terrible and Maliuta Skuratov Ivan IV ‘the Terrible’, Grand Prince of Moscow in 1533 at the age of only three, who became first ‘Tsar of all the Russias’ in 1547, remains the most mysterious as well as the most terrifying of sixteenth-century European monarchs. Though most biographies and…
The death of Alexander the Great brought a struggle among his subordinates for succession to his throne. As many as 11 of his commanders vied for position, but it finally became a struggle among three: Antigonus controlled Macedon, Seleucus took over most of what had been the Persian Empire, and…
Jean-François Darlan, Admiral of the Fleet, a title he had ordered put back into use for himself and which has never been used since, remains a very controversial figure. Different historians have attributed contradictory and dubious intentions to him, so one must turn to the facts instead. As a member…
British coastal assault on St Cast in Brittany in September 1758. A German map, published…
Schnellboot S-80 torpedo boat Camo Operations with the Kriegsmarine S-boats were often used to patrol…
American Lend-Lease supplies to the USSR 1941–45. Soviet historiography is mocked in the West, where…
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